Personal loans and taxes: When they’re taxable or tax deductible
You may be able to take a tax deduction if you lend money or if you borrow it, in some cases, but not generally.
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If you took out a personal loan or lent someone money this year, you should know how personal loans impact your tax return. Can you deduct personal loan interest on your tax return? Will you pay taxes if you make a loan that gets treated as a gift? The IRS has some complex rules, but we're here to answer your personal loan tax questions so you can avoid costly mistakes.
Are personal loans tax deductible?
While personal loans are rarely tax deductible, there are some exceptions. Here's what you need to know, whether you're a borrower or a peer-to-peer lender.
You have a personal loan
Because personal loans are generally used for personal expenses, the interest you pay the lender is typically not a tax-deductible expense. For example, if you took out a personal loan to buy a vehicle or consolidate credit card debt, you won't be able to use the interest charges to reduce your tax bill. However, personal loan interest may be tax deductible up to certain limits if you use the funds for higher education costs, business expenses, or taxable investments.
Many personal loan lenders prohibit borrowers from using the loan proceeds for these purposes, so be sure to check with the lender. But if you're permitted to use a personal loan to pay for your textbooks or buy new business equipment, for example, you may be able to claim the interest paid as a deduction.
Important
It’s wise to consult with your tax professional before deducting personal loan interest on your tax return.
You've provided a personal loan
If you've provided a personal loan to someone and are collecting payments with interest, the interest income you receive is typically taxable as ordinary income. However, if you provided a loan and the borrower has failed to make payments, you may be able to take a bad debt deduction. To deduct a bad debt on your tax return, you'll need to prove the following:
- At the time you provided the borrower with loan funds, your intent was to collect repayment with interest, rather than provide the recipient with gift money.
- You've made unsuccessful debt collection attempts that prove the debt is worthless.
Before deducting a business or non-business bad debt, talk to your tax professional to make sure you understand the stipulations. Note that non-business bad debts can only be deducted up to capital loss limits, which depend on your capital gains for that tax year.
Do you have to pay taxes on a personal loan?
If you have a personal loan
Because personal loan funds must be repaid, the IRS does not categorize personal loans as taxable income. That means you won't need to pay taxes on the money you receive. However, if the lender agrees to forgive or discharge the debt for less than you owe, the canceled amount may be taxable, with certain exceptions (see Exceptions to the tax rules, below).
If you've provided a personal loan
If you've collected interest on a loan you made, the interest earned is taxable as ordinary income. Whether you issued a loan to a stranger on a peer-to-peer lending platform or signed a loan agreement with a family member, you'll need to report any interest you receive on your tax return and pay applicable taxes.
If the recipient is using the money for investments or the loan is greater than $10,000, the interest rate you charge must meet or exceed the applicable federal rate (AFR), which is published monthly by the IRS - if it doesn't, you must report any foregone interest as income (the interest you would have received had you charged the AFR), with some exceptions.
When is a personal loan treated as a gift?
If you make an interest-free or reduced-rate personal loan, the IRS may consider the loan a gift, which has tax consequences. Generally, the donor must pay gift tax once they've exceeded the lifetime exemption amount for gift tax, which is $13.61 million for 2024. (This is an increase of $69,000 from $12.92 million in 2023.)
However, gifts up to $18,000 per person for tax year 2024 don't count toward the lifetime exemption amount (it was $17,000 for tax year 2023).
Additionally, the following gifts aren't considered taxable and don't apply to the total lifetime exemption amount:
- Gifts of less than the annual exclusion amount
- Direct tuition or medical expense payments made on behalf of another person
- Gifts to your spouse, assuming they are a U.S. citizen
- Gifts to certain nonprofit organizations, charities, and political organizations
For example, let's say you make a low-interest or no-interest personal loan of $20,000 to each of your two children in 2024. You'll only have used $4,000 of your lifetime exemption amount, since you only exceeded the annual exclusion amount by $2,000 per child, and won't be required to pay gift taxes but will need to report the gift on Schedule A with your taxes.
If you're married, you may be able to split gifts between you and your spouse, up to your collective annual exclusion amount ($36,000 for 2024). You'll need to elect gift-splitting on Schedule A, and your lifetime exemption amount should stay intact.
If your personal loan is forgiven or canceled
If your lender agrees to discharge your debt for less than you owe, the forgiven amount is considered canceled debt, which is taxable as ordinary income. You may receive a Form 1099-C from your lender that shows the cancellation amount. Even if you don't receive the form, you're still responsible for reporting the canceled debt on Form 1040 and paying taxes according to your tax bracket. There are some exceptions, however.
Exceptions to the tax rules
You can exclude the forgiven debt from your pretax income if it was canceled as part of a Title 11 bankruptcy filing. Additionally, if your total liabilities are greater than your total assets, you can qualify for the "insolvency" exclusion. Qualified farm or real property business debts that were canceled may also be excluded from your income. If you think you qualify for one of these exclusions, consult your tax professional, and be sure to report the amount on Form 982.
Personal loan tax deduction FAQ
Do I have to report a personal loan on my tax return?
If you took out a personal loan, you don't need to report the funds on your tax return unless the debt was canceled. If you made a personal loan to another individual, you'll need to report any interest you collected as income.
How do I report taxable interest from a personal loan?
You can report any taxable interest you received from a personal loan on Form 1040. You'll also need to fill out Schedule B if the interest you collected exceeds $1,500.
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