Signature loans: What are they and how do they work?

Signature loans are a type of unsecured personal loan you can use for a wide range of purposes.

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By Devon Delfino

Written by

Devon Delfino

Writer, Fox Money

Devon Delfino has over eight years of finance experience and is an expert on retirement and personal loans. She has bylines at U.S. News & World Report, CNN, and The Motley Fool.

Updated May 15, 2024, 12:25 PM EDT

Edited by Meredith Mangan

Written by

Meredith Mangan

Senior editor

Meredith Mangan is a senior editor and expert on personal loans.

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A signature loan is a type of unsecured personal loan that can be used for various purposes, such as debt consolidation, home improvements, medical expenses, or unexpected emergencies. And their popularity is growing. According to a personal loan study by Experian, unsecured personal loan debt increased by almost 10% in 2023.

Signature loans can be valuable if you're seeking to borrow money for personal expenses , but it's essential to carefully consider the terms and conditions of the loan to ensure that you can afford the payments.

What is a signature loan?

A signature loan, also known as an unsecured personal loan or a character loan, is a type of loan that is issued based on your creditworthiness, income, debt and signature guarantee, without requiring any collateral, such as a house or car.

For a signature loan, the lender assesses your credit history, income, and other financial factors to determine your ability to repay the loan. If approved, you agree to repay the loan according to the terms and conditions outlined by the lender, including the interest rate, repayment schedule, and any fees associated with the loan.

How does a signature loan work?

A signature loan works like other types of personal loans: Once your application is approved and you accept the loan's terms, the money will be disbursed, usually into your bank account. You can use the funds as you wish, with limited restrictions, and you'll need to start making monthly payments based on the loan terms you agreed to.

Like most other personal loans, a signature loan does not require collateral, like a car or your home. Note that the terms on signature loans vary widely. For example, annual percentage rates (APRs) can range from around 7% to 36%, depending on your credit profile and income. The current interest rate on a two-year personal loan is 12.49%, according to the Federal Reserve. Loan amounts range from around $1,000 to over $100,000, depending on the lender and what you qualify for. The length of repayment generally ranges from one to seven years.

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Important

Some lenders charge an origination fee, which may be up to 12% of the loan amount. The fee is often deducted upfront from the loan proceeds, which means you’d receive less money than what you applied for and agreed to pay back.

Approval for a signature loan depends primarily on your credit history, income, and financial stability. Having a good credit score (a FICO score of at least 670) typically allows you to receive better interest rates. The current interest rate on a two-year personal loan is 12.49%, according to the Federal Reserve.

Additionally, lenders will look at your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio to determine how much debt you carry relative to your income. Lenders typically like loaning to those with a DTI of 36% or lower.

You can prequalify with multiple lenders to determine your eligibility for a loan. Prequalification requires a soft credit check which does not impact your credit score, but note that it is not an offer and rates may change once you apply. Note that when you formally apply, the lender will conduct a hard pull, which could temporarily ding your score.

Since the APR accounts for both the interest rate and fees, you should compare APRs between lenders for a more complete picture of your cost to borrow money.

Compare signature loan rates

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Signature loan vs. a personal loan

Signature loans fall under the umbrella of personal loans. Though you can use collateral with some personal loans to get a better rate, this is not an option with signature loans (since they only require your signature as a guarantee of payment, hence the name).

Both signature loans and other personal loans generally require that you have adequate credit and income to qualify, and the application processes are the same. You're also free to use the money as you see fit with either type of loan, with limited exceptions (such as college tuition).

When should you consider a signature loan?

"A signature or unsecured personal loan could be a quick option when you need funds for various purposes - say, consolidating high-interest debt, financing a home renovation, or covering unexpected expenses," said Taylor Kovar, a certified financial planner (CFP) and CEO of The Money Couple.

It's also a good option if you're hesitant to tie an asset, like your home or car, to a loan. With secured loans, like an auto loan or home equity loan, the lender can repossess your car or foreclose on your home to recover monetary losses if you default. But in exchange for no collateral, your interest rate will likely be higher to compensate for the additional risk assumed by the lender.

Before accepting a signature loan's terms, make sure you can afford the monthly payment and that you're aware of how much interest you'll pay over the loan's term. Use a personal loan calculator to see your monthly payment and how much total interest you'll pay at different interest rates.

Pros and cons of a signature loan

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Pros

  • No collateral required
  • You can use the funds for almost anything
  • Funds are disbursed in a lump sum
  • Repayment terms can last several years
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Cons

  • Best rates with good to excellent credit
  • Rates can be greater than 30%
  • Missing payments will hurt your credit
  • Some lenders charge origination fees

Pros

  • No collateral required: Unlike a home equity loan, home equity line of credit, or auto loan, signature loans aren't secured by an asset.
  • You can use the funds for almost anything: While you can't use a signature loan for a down payment on a home or college tuition, there are otherwise very few limitations on what you can use signature loan funds for.
  • Funds are disbursed in a lump sum: Once you're approved for a signature loan and agree to its terms, the money could be deposited into your account as soon as the same business day.
  • Repayment terms can last several years: Some lenders give you up to 12 years to repay a signature loan if you use it for certain purposes, such as buying a boat or RV, or taking on home improvements.

Cons

  • Best rates with good to excellent credit: Just like any form of credit, a higher credit score often results in a lower interest rate and better terms.
  • Rates can be greater than 30%: If you have bad credit, you could pay a rate north of 30% on a signature loan. For example, you'd actually pay more in interest than the amount you borrowed on a $5,000 loan repaid over 5 years at a 32% APR ($5,078 in interest).
  • Missing payments will hurt your credit: If you miss payments, your lender will likely report them to the credit bureaus. Since payment history makes up 35% of your FICO credit score, the impact could be significant.
  • Some lenders charge origination fees: Origination fees can range up to 12% of the original loan amount. If possible, look for a lender that doesn't charge an origination fee, and compare APRs between lenders to account for fees.

How to get a signature loan

To access a signature loan, you need to have an adequate credit score and enough income to qualify. Approval will be easier if you have what's considered a good credit score. For reference, lenders typically consider a good FICO credit score to be 670 or higher - but the higher your score, the better.

Minimum credit score requirements vary between lenders, as do minimum income requirements. But, in general, lenders want to see that you pay your bills on time, and don't have a high DTI or negative marks on your credit history, such as a bankruptcy or lawsuits.

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Tip

Your DTI is a measure of how much debt you carry relative to your income. It’s calculated by adding up your minimum monthly payments and dividing by your gross monthly income. Lenders may prefer to see a DTI below 36%.

Signature loans are available from traditional banks, credit unions and online lenders. To find the best signature loan, shop different lenders and prequalify to compare loan rates and terms (this doesn't impact your credit). Prequalification is not an offer and rates may change after you apply. Once you find the best lender for your needs, complete its application process. Lenders will pull a hard credit check which may ding your score. You'll provide documentation as necessary (such as pay stubs and bank statements) and carefully review the loan's terms before signing the loan agreement.

Getting a signature loan with bad credit

If possible, wait until you can improve your credit score or find a cosigner with good credit to help you get a lower interest rate and better terms. If you can't wait and have a credit score under 580, consider lenders that specialize in personal loans for bad credit. Also, be sure you can afford the monthly payment for the duration of the loan and that you're comfortable with the amount of interest you'll pay overall. It may also be worth talking to a nonprofit credit counselor for advice and options on managing your debt situation before applying for a signature loan.

Fox Business does not make or arrange loans.

FAQ

What credit score do you need to get a signature loan?

Some lenders offer signature loans to applicants with no established credit score. But for the best odds of approval, you'll generally want a FICO score above 670. The higher your score, the better your loan terms are likely to be. Some lenders may let you add a cosigner to your application, which could make loan approval more likely and reduce your interest rate.

Can you pay off a signature loan early?

Depending on the lender, you may be able to pay off your signature loan early with no pre-penalty fees. Signature loans typically don't have prepayment penalties, but check with your lender before signing an agreement.

How long does it take to get approved for a signature loan?

How long it takes to be approved for a signature loan depends on the lender and your financial profile. But once you sign the loan documents, the loan funds are typically disbursed in just one to five business days. If you need money fast, research lenders that provide same-day funding.

Can I use a signature loan for any purpose?

Almost. You can use signature loans for a wide range of purposes, including home improvement, debt consolidation, buying a boat or RV, financing a wedding, or taking a vacation. But there are a few things you can't spend a signature loan on - these include college tuition and a down payment on a home.

Meet the contributor:
Devon Delfino
Devon Delfino

Devon Delfino has over eight years of finance experience and is an expert on retirement and personal loans. She has bylines at U.S. News & World Report, CNN, and The Motley Fool.

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Fox Money is a property of Credible Operations, Inc., which is majority-owned indirectly by Fox Corporation. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of Fox's Terms of Use and Updated Privacy Policy | Your Privacy Choices.