Student loan forbearance: What it is, how it works

Student loan forbearance can lower or even stop your payments temporarily under certain circumstances, but interest continues to accrue.

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By Janet Berry-Johnson

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Janet Berry-Johnson

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Janet Berry-Johnson is an authority on income taxes and small business accounting. She was a CPA for over 12 years and has been a personal finance writer for more than five years. Her work has been featured by The New York Times, Forbes, Business Insider, and MSN.

Updated May 28, 2024, 1:49 PM EDT

Edited by Renee Fleck

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Renee Fleck

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Renee Fleck is a student loans editor with over five years of experience in digital content editing. Her work has been featured in Fast Company, Morning Brew, and Sidebar.io, among other online publications. She is fluent in Spanish and French and enjoys traveling to new places.

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Student loan forbearance can be a helpful option if you’re facing temporary financial difficulties. Student loan borrowers in the class of 2020 had an average of over $30,000 in debt in 19 states, according to The Institute for College Access & Success. It can alleviate some of the burden by placing your loan payments on pause, but it comes with a trade-off. You’ll accrue more interest on your loan and you’ll extend the overall time it takes to repay your debt. Here’s what you need to know about student loan forbearance and when it might be an option worth considering. 

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Note:

If you have federal subsidized loans, consider deferment instead of forbearance. Interest accrues on all loans during a forbearance, but it doesn't accrue on subsidized loans in deferment.

What is student loan forbearance?

Student loan forbearance allows you to temporarily stop or reduce your federal student loan payments for up to 12 months at a time if you're facing financial hardship or other qualifying circumstances. If your financial situation doesn't improve, you might be eligible to extend this period. However, the total forbearance time for federal loans is capped at three years.

During forbearance, interest on your loans continues to accrue daily, which can extend your repayment period and increase the total amount of interest you owe. That’s why forbearance should generally be considered as a last resort.

Forbearance options may also be available for private student loans, but the terms can vary significantly between lenders and are often less favorable than those for federal loans.

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How does interest work? 

During forbearance, interest continues to accrue on all federal student loans. But unlike deferment, this interest generally won’t capitalize, meaning it won’t get added to your principal loan balance when the forbearance ends. Instead, you’ll be required to pay off the accumulated interest through your normally scheduled monthly payments. 

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Tip:

To prevent interest from accruing during a forbearance, you do have the option to make interest-only payments.

Private loan forbearance may work differently and rules vary by lender. Typically, interest will continue to accrue and it may or may not capitalize when repayment starts. Contact your lender to ask about their hardship relief policies and what repayment looks like after a forbearance. 

Example of interest accrual during forbearance

Let’s say you have $30,000 in federal student loans with a 6.00% interest rate, and you’re on the 10-year Standard Repayment Plan. If you place your loans in forbearance for one year, a total of $1,800 in interest will accrue during this time. Once the forbearance period ends, you’ll be responsible for paying the accrued interest through your normal monthly payments, and your monthly bill will increase by $18. 

Before forbearance
After forbearance
Added costs
Total loan balance
$30,00
$30,000
+0
Total interest owed
$9,967
$11,767
+$1,800
Monthly payment
$333
$351
+$18 per month

Types of forbearances

There are several different types of student loan forbearances. Some are mandatory and others are up to the discretion of your loan servicer.

General forbearance

Student loan borrowers having trouble keeping up with their payments on Direct Loans, Federal Family Education Loans (FFEL), or Perkins Loans can apply for a general forbearance. General forbearance lasts up to 12 months and can be extended for a cumulative maximum of three years. You may qualify if you’re facing financial difficulties, have costly medical expenses, or are unemployed. Your loan servicer may accept other reasons, but this varies by servicer.

Mandatory forbearance

Your federal Direct Loans and FFEL student loans may qualify for mandatory forbearance if you’re serving in the AmeriCorps and received a national service award; serving in a medical or dental internship or residency program; activated in the National Guard; teaching on the path to Teacher Loan Forgiveness; eligible for partial repayment of your loans under the Department of Defense Student Loan Repayment program; or when the total you owe each month for all federal student loans is 20% or more of your total gross monthly income. If you meet the requirements for a mandatory forbearance, your loan servicer must grant it. Mandatory forbearances can last up to 12 months at a time if approved.

Administrative forbearance

The Department of Education had an administrative forbearance plan in place during the pandemic to help federal student loan borrowers during trying financial times. During this forbearance, interest rates were set at 0%, and borrowers with eligible loans had their payments paused. The 0% interest rate officially ended on Sept. 1, 2023, and payments resumed in October 2023. 

Private student loan forbearance

Private lenders may not be as flexible when it comes to pausing payments, including while you’re in school. However, some offer assistance when you’re experiencing unemployment or other financial difficulties. Contact your lender to explore your forbearance or deferment options.

Pros and cons

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Pros of forbearance

  • You can pause your student loan payments.
  • You can free up money in your monthly budget.
  • You may be able to avoid delinquency or default.
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Cons of forbearance

  • It’s only available for up to 12 months at a time.
  • Interest continues to accrue on all student loans.
  • You’ll have higher monthly payments when the forbearance ends.

Should I forbear my loans? 

You may want to consider applying for a general forbearance if: 

  • You can’t afford your monthly student loan payments or you’re at risk of default.
  • Your financial challenges are only temporary, and you expect to recover in the next 1 to 3 years.
  • You have federal student loans that are not subsidized loans.
  • You can’t qualify for deferment.

How to apply for forbearance

You must apply for and wait for approval for student loan forbearance in most cases. If you don't make your student loan payments before receiving approval, it could hurt your credit score and put you into default, so don't wait until the last minute if you need to apply for it.

  1. Contact your loan servicer: Determine who your student loan servicer is and contact them to discuss forbearance and what other options you might have. Be sure to consider all options and choose the one that makes the most financial sense.
  2. Complete an application: To request general forbearance on a federal student loan, complete the general forbearance application on the Federal Student Aid site. There, you can also find applications for mandatory forbearances. If you have private student loans, contact your lender directly to determine if forbearance is available to you and what the application process is.
  3. Send documents to your loan servicer: Depending on the type of forbearance you request and your servicer’s requirements, you may need to provide documentation of your financial difficulty or other circumstances, such as proof that your income dropped or evidence of sudden expenses due to an emergency. Once you’ve completed the forbearance request and gathered documentation for it, send these to your loan servicer.

Alternatives to forbearance

Request a deferment

If you have federal Direct Subsidized Loans or Perkins Loans, consider student loan deferment

Deferment, like forbearance, pauses your student loan payments. The main difference between them is that interest continues to accrue during forbearance for all loans, but it doesn’t accrue for subsidized loans while they’re in deferment. You can become eligible for deferment under a variety of circumstances, such as economic hardship, returning to school, enrolling in the military, or undergoing medical treatments. 

Switch to an income-driven repayment plan 

If you don’t expect your financial situation to improve in the foreseeable future, switching to an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan might be a better option than forbearance in the long run. IDR plans such as SAVE, PAYE, IBR, and ICR set your monthly payments at a percentage of your income and forgive your remaining debt after your designated repayment period ends. This can help make your monthly payments much more manageable. 

Refinance your student loans

Refinancing your student loan debt at a lower interest rate can also be a strategic way to make your monthly payments more affordable. Most private student loan lenders will only offer loans to borrowers with credit scores in the mid-to-high 600s and with proof of income, so you likely won’t qualify on your own if your credit has been damaged due to late payments. You may be able to apply with a cosigner and get approved, but you should carefully consider whether you can make payments, as your cosigner would be held responsible for repaying the debt if you can't. 

Before refinancing federal loans, ensure you don’t plan on taking advantage of any forgiveness programs or income-driven repayment plans offered by the government. Refinancing federal student loans into a private loan means losing access to these and other federal benefits.

Compare student loan refinance rates 

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Meet the contributor:
Janet Berry-Johnson
Janet Berry-Johnson

Janet Berry-Johnson is an authority on income taxes and small business accounting. She was a CPA for over 12 years and has been a personal finance writer for more than five years. Her work has been featured by The New York Times, Forbes, Business Insider, and MSN.

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Fox Money is a property of Credible Operations, Inc., which is majority-owned indirectly by Fox Corporation. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of Fox's Terms of Use and Updated Privacy Policy | Your Privacy Choices.