The Most Important Lesson From Wells Fargo's Giant Debacle
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I learned something important about Wells Fargo (NYSE: WFC) over the past two weeks that has yet to get as much attention as it deserves in the financial media. It has to do with Wells Fargo's long-flaunted reputation for risk management.
Wells Fargo's carefully cultivated narrative
The narrative about Wells Fargo that I and countless other bank analysts, investors, and commentators have believed for years is that one of the secrets to its success has been the prudent way it manages risk.
Unlike Bank of America (NYSE: BAC) and Citigroup (NYSE: C), Wells Fargo largely steered clear of the worst excesses of the subprime mortgage bubble in the lead-up to the financial crisis. This saved Wells Fargo from tens of billions of dollars' worth of losses when the housing market faltered, and positioned it to acquire its larger, less prudent peer Wachovia.
The same was true at the beginning of the 1990s, when Wells Fargo emerged from a commercial real estate crisis in one piece while Bank of America and Citigroup came, not for the first nor the last time, within a hair's breadth of failure. This is a point that Charlie Munger, the vice chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, cites for the Warren Buffett-led conglomerate's decision to become the bank's largest shareholder in 1990.
"When Berkshire bought Wells Fargo, the world was unglued in real estate lending-driven banking panic," Munger said earlier this year. "We knew their bank lending officers weren't ordinary. They grew up in the garment district as cynics and were careful and better [than others]."
Efficiency and prudence
The explanation for Wells Fargo's prudence is simple. Because it runs such an efficient operation -- its efficiency ratio, which measures the percent of a bank's revenue spent on operational costs, is consistently lower than at any of its closest competitors -- it doesn't feel the need to take on more risk in its asset portfolio by reaching for yield (i.e., underwriting riskier loans or investing in riskier securities).
This is why Wells Fargo's chairman and CEO at the time of the crisis, Richard Kovacevich and John Stumpf, respectively, could boast in their 2007 shareholder letter that:
Unmasking Wells Fargo's weakness
What we've learned in the latest scandal, however, is that while Wells Fargo has been able to tamp down credit risk over the years, it hasn't done as well with operational risk. In other words, even though Wells Fargo doesn't tend to reach for yield in its asset portfolio, it did the functional equivalent in its branches, where employees faced unreasonable sales goals and were hounded relentlessly by managers to sign customers up for new types of financial products and services.
It was by reaching for yield in this context, figuratively speaking, that gotten Wells Fargo into so much trouble. In order to satisfy managers and keep their jobs, thousands of the bank's branch employees opened as many as 2 million deposit and credit card accounts for customers without telling them. In many cases, this caused its customers to incur fees that they hadn't authorized much less know about.
The point is that Wells Fargo is guilty of the same type of behavior that got its less-respected peers, Bank of America and Citigroup, into so much trouble eight years ago -- that is, cutting corners to boost profits irrespective of risk. The question now is how much of Wells Fargo's success over the past decade can be attributed to this?
The answer to this remains to be seen.
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John Maxfield owns shares of Bank of America and Wells Fargo. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Wells Fargo. The Motley Fool has the following options: short October 2016 $50 calls on Wells Fargo. The Motley Fool recommends Bank of America. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.