How you can pay a 0% tax rate on capital gains
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Taxpayers who sold some investments last year may be able to employ an oft-overlooked tool to whittle down the taxes owed and qualify for a 0% rate.
There are three income-based tax brackets on long-term capital gains: 0%, 15% and 20%, as well as a 3.8% Medicare surcharge imposed on the wealthiest Americans.
For the 2024 tax-filing season, the 0% rate on long-term capital gains – any asset held for longer than a year – can be applied to taxable income of $44,625 or less for single filers and $89,250 or less for married couples filing jointly.
The income limits are also higher than they appear: That's because the 0% rate is based on an individual's taxable income, which is calculated by subtracting the standard deduction or a total of itemized deductions – whichever is greater – from your adjusted gross income. In 2023, the standard deduction was $13,850 for single filers and $27,700 for joint filers.
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View of the Internal Revenue Service building in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 24, 2023. (STEFANI REYNOLDS/AFP via Getty Images / Getty Images)
Nominally, that means the rate applies to a minimum of $58,475 for individuals and $116,950 for married couples.
But even for taxpayers who qualify for the rate, there are limitations.
"There’s a lot of confusion about how the 0% rate works," Eric Bronnenkant, a certified financial planner and the head of tax at Betterment.com, told FOX Business last year. "The way I try to start the explanation is that there’s no such thing as an unlimited 0% rate."
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One important caveat is the concept of "stacking," he said, in which ordinary income is used as the primary qualifier for the 0% rate.
For instance, if an individual had long-term capital gains and qualified dividends of $20,000 and earned $100,000, they may falsely believe they are eligible for the 0% rate. But because of the "stacking" principle – in which ordinary income is at the bottom and the capital gains are on the top – a $100,000 salary would push that individual into the 15% rate.
A blank 1040 tax return form from the IRS. (iStock / iStock)
"I would call it a common misconception," Bronnenkant said.
On top of that, there is a limit to how much investment income is tax-free. Even if taxpayers have no taxable income, the 0% rate on long-term capital gains only works up to the income-level threshold.
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"A common question I’ve gotten is, ‘If all I have is $1 million in long-term gains and qualified dividends and that’s my only income, can I get the 0% rate?'" he said. "I’m like ‘yes, but not on $1 million. You’ll get it on a small portion of that amount.’"
There are also strategies that higher earners can utilize in order to take advantage of the 0% long-term capital gains tax rate, according to Michael Ruger, partner and chief investment officer at Greenbush Financial Group in Albany, New York.
The Internal Revenue Service building in Washington, D.C., on June 26, 2021. (Photographer: Stefani Reynolds/Bloomberg via Getty Images / Getty Images)
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Taxpayers can play what Ruger referred to as the "income timing game" to optimize the lower rate: If an individual plans to retire soon, they may consider waiting to sell that investment property until after retirement, because they will fall into a lower tax bracket than in their working years.
"When you look at someone who you have some of these higher-net worth individuals, they can basically pick their tax rate," he told FOX Business. "They don't show an income. They're pulling money out of after-tax assets."